We all have heard the term plastic surgery,but I guess only few have idea about it in details.Facial plastic surgery can be reconstructive to correct facial feature anomalies or cosmetic to improve the
appearance. Both corrective as well as cosmetic surgeries alter the
original facial information to a great extent thereby posing a great
challenge for face recognition algorithms.
TYPES OF FACIAL PLASTIC SURGERY
When an individual undergoes plastic surgery, the facial
features are reconstructed either globally or locally. Therefore, in
general, plastic surgery can be classified into two distinct
categories.
Disease correcting local plastic surgery (Local surgery):
This is a kind of surgery in which an individual undergoes local plastic surgery for correcting defects, anomalies, or
improving skin texture. Local plastic surgery techniques can be
applied for possibly three different purposes: 1) to correct
by-birth
anomalies, 2) to cure the defects that are result of some
accident, and 3) to correct the anomalies that have developed over the years.Examples of diseasecorrecting local plastic surgery
would be surgery for correcting jaw and teeth structure, nose
structure, chin, forehead and eyelids etc. Local plastic surgery is
also aimed at reshaping and restructuring facial features to improve the aesthetics. This type of local surgery leads to varying
amount of changes in the geometric distance between facial features but the overall texture and appearance may look similar to the original face. However, any of the local plastic surgery procedures may be performed in conjunction with one or more such procedures and an amalgamate of such procedures may
result in a fairly distinct face when compared to the
original face.
Plastic surgery for reconstructing complete facial structure (Global surgery): Apart from local surgery, plastic surgery
can be performed to completely change the facial structure which
is known as full face lift. Global plastic surgery is
recommended for cases where functional damage has to be cured such as
patients with fatal burns or trauma. Note that, global
plastic surgery is primarily aimed at reconstructing the features to
cure some functional damage rather than to improve the
aesthetics. In this type of surgery, the appearance,texture and facial
features of an individual are reconstructed to resemble normal human
face
but are usually not the same as the original face.
Furthermore, global plastic surgery may also be used to entirely change
the face appearance,skin texture and other facial geometries
making it arduous for any face recognition system to recognize
faces before and after surgery. Therefore, it can also be misused
by
criminals or individuals who want to remain elusive from law enforcement and pose a great threat to society despite all
the security mechanism in-place.
1) Rhinoplasty (nose surgery): It is used to reconstruct the
nose in cases involving birth defects, accidents where nose bones are damaged and also to cure breathing problems caused due to the nasal structure. Cosmetic Rhinoplasty is used for
those who wish to straighten or narrow their nose to improve their
facial appearance. It is also used to prevent the nose
structure deformation due to aging.
2) Blepharoplasty (eyelid surgery): Eyelid is the thin skin
that covers and protects our eyes. Blepharoplasty may be used to reshape both upper as well as lower eyelid in cases where excessive growth of skin tissues on the eyelid causes vision problem.
3) Brow lift (forehead surgery): It is generally recommended for patients above the age of 50 who suffer from flagging eyebrows (due to aging) which obstruct vision. It is also
helpful in removing thick wrinkles from the forehead and giving a younger look.
4) Genioplasty/Mentoplasty (chin surgery): It is mostly used
to reshape the chin including smooth rounding of the chin, correcting bone damages, and reducing/augmenting chin bones.
5) Cheek implant: It is used to improve the facial
appearance and it can be divided into two classes, malar and sub-malar augmentation. In malar augmentation a solid implant is fitted
over the cheek bone whereas in sub-malar augmentation implants are fitted in the middle of the cheeks where the person has
a recessed (hollow) look.
6) Otoplasty (ear surgery): It involves bringing the ears
closer to the face, reducing the size of ears and orienting/pruning
some structural ear elements.
7) Liposhaving (facial sculpturing): It is a technique used
to get rid of the excess fat attached to the skin surface on the
face, especially in chin and jaw regions. This technique is
commonly used to remove the dual chin that grows because of surplus fat below the chin.
8) Skin resurfacing (skin peeling): There are different
techniques such as laser resurfacing and chemical peel to treat
wrinkles, stretch marks, acne and other skin damages caused due to aging and sun burn. Skin resurfacing results in smooth skin with ameliorated texture.
9) Rhytidectomy (face lift): It is used to treat patients
with severe burns on face and neck. Face lift surgery can also be
employed to fight aging and get a younger look by tightening the face skin and thus minifying wrinkles.
10) Lip augmentation: Lips have a pronounced role in an
individual’s beauty. Cosmetic surgery for lip augmentation involves proper shaping and enhancement of lips with injectable
filler substances.
11) Craniofacial: This type of surgery is employed to treat
by-birth anomalies such as Clift lip and palate (a gap in the roof of mouth), microtia (small outer ear) and other congenital
defects of jaws and bones. Some defects may be treated soon after birth but for some (like microtia), the patient may have to
wait up to an age of 10-14 years.
PLASTIC SURGERY AND FACE RECOGNITION
Most of the existing face recognition algorithms have
predominantly focused on mitigating the effects of pose,
illumination and expression, and no attempt has been made to study the effect
of local and global plastic surgery on face recognition. As
facial plastic surgery procedures become more and more prevalent, face
recognition systems will be challenged to recognize individuals
after plastic surgery has been performed. In this section, we investigate
different aspects related to plastic surgery and face recognition.
Specifically, a plastic surgery face database is prepared and performance of
six face recognition algorithms is evaluated.
More info if you want then you can search wikipedia, hope you will get the all answers
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